Some consumers are also the same by the United States the annual import turnover of the contract, so from the spot market is not buying
U.S. hydrogen fuel cell technology development - from the fossil energy system to a hydrogen energy system and the diversification of a major conversion
Energy system from fossil to hydrogen as the carrier to the new system and the diversification of energy conversion, even though seemingly incredible, but it is not unprecedented. Countries in the world until the mid-19th century is still based on its energy system as the main means of transport livestock to wood heating and cooking. Today the formation of coal, oil and gas fossil energy systems and transportation fuel and electricity energy is everywhere-dell xps m140 battery,dell xps m1210 battery, dell 6y270 battery, it has been difficult to distinguish between functions of a modern society out.
It may be in the current energy system to the next generation of the edge of the conversion and diversification. Today, including the United States, Japan and other developed countries, as well as China, Brazil and India, strong economic growth in developing countries and the international community, a strong awareness of hydrogen as a future clean and sustainable energy system, a key, it is important component. Future hydrogen energy system is an important characteristic of hydrogen as a fixed power supply, transportation, industrial and residential, commercial use of an energy carrier, hydrogen will become a new energy system for the global economy, social development is not used exhaustible energy resources.
Because hydrogen is an energy carrier, is currently in production, storage, transport and use of such areas as technology development is still in the stage of technical maturity, hydrogen will be mainly from the acquisition of cleaner production technology. Hydrogen from electrolysis of renewable energy access, or from the use of fossil fuel carbon sequestration through the restructuring process of the solution after the acquisition. Hydrogen can be like oil, natural gas and other fossil energy is effectively stored, truck or pipeline transport. When the hydrogen for fuel cells, turbine or generator to produce electricity, it is the water main by-product.
Highly concerned about the United States of hydrogen and fuel cell technology development, its purpose is: In the short term, fossil energy use due to a large number of serious greenhouse gas emissions by the enormous international pressure to bear, so far the U.S. government have not signed the United Nations issued in 1997 "Kyoto Protocol" developed countries should shoulder the provisions of the emission reduction obligations, the Bush administration has recently made many times will not sign the document, the United States and the strengthening of hydrogen fuel cell technology development is to show a positive attitude. Another consideration is the hope that the United States through high-tech development, create more employment opportunities, the country's industrial structure adjustment and upgrade their products in the international market competitiveness and to increase the current energy security and reliability of electricity supply needs. In the long run, as the world's mineral resources, especially oil resources will become depleted, there is an urgent need to find a new energy resources or products dell 75uyf battery,dell c1295 battery,dell gd761 battery, to the next generation energy system for the conversion and diversification of the technical preparations to do the full system and a long time accumulation of operating experience.
Generally speaking, the development and utilization of hydrogen and fuel cell technology has many advantages:
• Can make use of the United States a large number of resources and different production methods, means hydrogen fuel;
• Reduce demand for imported oil, especially in the transport of oil resources required;
• Fuel cell can power transmission grid system is not able to meet the supply, the emergency start to fill the shortage of electricity supply, electricity supply has played the role of the peak;
• Can significantly improve air quality in the United States, the atmosphere, so that vehicle exhaust and clean use of fossil fuels in electricity production system is close to zero emissions.
Speaking from principle, hydrogen fuel cell is electrolysis in reverse reaction, the air in the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to produce catalytic electrochemical reaction current, heat and pure drinking water. In addition to the characteristics of zero emissions, the fuel cell can be higher than the internal combustion engine 2 to 3 times the efficiency of the fuel cell power generation makes it the ability to work to obtain a wide range of applications, including: portable (50 ~ 100 watts) and the fixed station ( 1 ~ 200 MW). Although fuel cells have the service in all aspects of the economic potential of the area, but today they are in terms of price than the internal combustion engine is also relatively expensive, further development of the future will be to improve reliability and reduce costs in order to have economic competitiveness.
1. To hydrogen as a carrier of energy conversion system and the diversification of energy supply is a strategic choice
(1) the United States energy consumption, demand forecast
(2) U.S. oil production, consumption
(3) the United States transport energy strategy
(4) the development of fuel cell technology the United States road map
To this end, the United States the development of fuel cell technology is the basic road map:
• In 2015 to develop fuel cell technology can be carried out after the success of business kd476 decision-making;
• 2020, fuel cell vehicles is still in development stage, but during that time, in essence, the success of the technology not have any impact on the development of a large number of imported oil this trend;
• After 2020 may reduce the oil imports and oil fields in the consumption of transport;
• If the 2040 large-scale use of fuel cell vehicles a breakthrough, then the amount of light oil per day can reduce the 11 million barrels, equivalent to the amount of U.S. oil imports.
① Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) program
② Department of Energy and the American Automobile Association (Freedom CAR) plans to
In short, as a result of fuel cell technology and energy efficiency, renewable energy technology development and wide application of strong, such technological breakthroughs and large-scale application in a certain extent, a significant reduction in the production and emission of greenhouse gases. However, despite the fuel cell has the potential of national interests, but it is in the current technological development, the need for capital investment in high-intensity running and long-term access to technical and economic indicators of the accumulation of these factors severely limits its commercial pre-set process. Based on this, the current U.S. government funding, technology development, testing fuel cell technology research with commercial applications, such as the value of the model will continue to play an important role.
2. The source of hydrogen
Long-term strategy for the United States is: the future of fuel cells required for the vast majority of hydrogen from renewable energy resources in the production of access. For example, the use of wind and solar energy dell 75uyf battery,dell c1295 battery,dell gd761 battery converter steelmaking technology of water electrolysis to obtain hydrogen; the use of sunlight or light from biomass catalytic hydrogen production methods; nuclear energy (using thermo-chemical process or electrolysis) is also an optional way. Make use of these methods as a result of increased diversification of energy sources, can significantly improve the U.S. national energy security.
The near term, hydrogen from fossil fuels will be able to (such as petroleum and natural gas) or the use of electrolysis to obtain the solution. Existing projects in the United States arrangements, the main purpose of these processes is to improve the cost and efficiency. Electrolytic method of producing hydrogen in the near future (from the distribution point of view) can be achieved, but its drawback is that use of the existing methods of electricity production, will not be able to produce energy, the environment in Iraq the ultimate efficiency; carbon dioxide absorption and to deal with the problems once they become reality can be used in this way will be from fossil fuels in the production of hydrogen, which will minimize the large number of greenhouse gas emissions.
(1) hydrogen production
(2) hydrogen transfer
(3) the use of hydrogen
International Co-City Japan and the United States reaction to the purchase of
According to overseas media reports, the international market price of cobalt in 2006 turned into the fall, and in February, after the bottom fell, with the strong growth in market demand, supply shortages, from the beginning of March the price rise become more evident. Strategic metals markets in Europe Rotterdam warehouse delivery for 99.8% grade premium grade cobalt, in February of this year fell to 12.75 ~ 13.25 U.S. dollars per pound, the has been increased to more than 15 U.S. dollars, 99.3 percent cobalt grade premium from 11.5 ~ 11.7 U.S. dollars rose to 13.75 ~ 14.5 U.S. dollars. At the same time, the actual current senior U.S. spot price of cobalt increased to 14.25 U.S. dollars per pound, the Russian Co-99.3%-level export price rose to 13.25 U.S. dollars, Zambia delivery price of 13.25 U.S. dollars, the Australian company BHP reported in Asia, Europe and North America, prices rose to 14 U.S. dollars.
According to industry estimates, global cobalt demand in 2006 up to 65,000 tons in 2007 to more than 70,000 tons. The main reason is the world's airline industry, land-based gas turbine power stations and military arms of the active industrial production led to a marked increase in the consumption-cobalt alloy. It is understood that China will in the next 10 years to buy 180 billion U.S. dollars worth of power generation equipment, no doubt will lead to increased consumption of cobalt. The supply side, despite an ample supply of cobalt raw materials, but a serious shortage of refined cobalt production capacity. In this case, even if the capacity of refining cobalt production at full capacity, it is estimated that the market is still a shortage of refined cobalt supply and demand of 3000 tons. For this reason some people in the industry predicted that the end of the year for sustainable high-quality cobalt price climbed to 30 U.S. dollars per pound. Also has the trading community that the recent price of cobalt can be up to 16 ~ 18 dollars, because a large number of new cobalt smelting dell xps m140 battery,dell xps m1210 battery, dell 6y270 battery capacity by 2007 difficult to put into operation.
In addition, Russia Krasnoyarsk Connolly recently reported 99.3% grade for the class of cobalt base price also increased to 11.85 U.S. dollars per pound, but the company's actual sales in the open market price of more than 13 U.S. dollars. The company is only a very small amount of a selective buyer of the company, and along with the revitalization of Russia's aviation industry, tend to increase consumption of cobalt, it is estimated that the future will tend to decline in the export of cobalt.
Due to the rapid rebound in the international prices of cobalt alloys, as well as Japan and the chemical processing industry demand, some consumers worry about the future, Japan will further increase prices even higher, so they choose to move into the spot market to buy cobalt, or even at all costs. Japanese imports in December last year the spot price of cobalt 99.8% level has been increased to 16 ~ 17 U.S. dollars per pound, although in February this year, 1 to drop slightly, but the recent re-pricing of imports rebounded to 14 U.S. dollars per pound CIF. According to Japanese traders said that the Japanese battery industry accounted for about cobalt cobalt consumption to 60% of the total demand, and the industry under the forward contracts are usually imported cobalt was still adequate inventory, so buy on the spot market is currently little interest in cobalt.
At the same time, U.S. consumers to buy cobalt is also very active, especially in the spot dell kd476 market imports from Russia. However, 99.3 percent of Russia's supply of cobalt-level is very scarce, and even the recent delivery of cobalt has been sold out. Russia supplies the current level of 99.3% cobalt prices and the market price of 99.8% of the difference in class is gradually shrinking, and even less than 1 U.S. dollars per pound. Some consumers are also the same by the United States the annual import turnover of the contract, so from the spot market is not buying.
China’s solar manufacturing equipment industry will also expand
South Korea voted heavily in the development of energy technologies
South Korea Ministry of Industry and Energy announced on the 23rd, in view of the international market price of crude oil continues to rise, South Korea will spend this year 367,100,000,000 (about 387 million U.S. dollars), into an energy resource development on the specialized technology research projects.
According to the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the plan, the investment will be included in the power industry in a variety of R & D projects 144,600,000,000, for new energy and renewable energy development into 124,500,000,000, and the remaining funds will be used to enhance energy efficiency dell latitude d800 battery,dell latitude d810 battery,dell latitude d820 battery and reduction of carbon dioxide gas emissions.
Ministry of Industry and Energy said the funds than last year's energy development in an increase of 26%, showing the development of alternative energy technologies urgency.
"The focus of investment will be focused on funding the development of hydrogen fuel cells, as well as the further use of solar and wind energy," Industry and Energy Department officials in charge of energy affairs Xuedao Kim (Kim) said. He said that the field of energy technology research will also help South Korea's export trade.
Zhongshan University and the China-South Africa joint investment projects start green battery
The morning of April 20, Science and Technology Parks Ibraimov lithium-ion power battery to start the construction project.
Lithium-ion power batteries because of their high technical content, not on the environment caused by lead, cadmium, and as the "Green batteries", are widely used in the field of communications and transport for national defense is the development of competition in today's world of high-tech products.
The project total investment 50 million yuan, the use of Central South University School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, production technology, easy to smelting by the limited liability dell latitude d830 battery,dell latitude x300 battery company and the Central South University School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, construction investment, construction, size of an annual production capacity of 30 million lithium-ion at power batteries. Project will be completed before the end of this year, production can be achieved after the industrial output value hit 330 million yuan tax more than 13.2 million yuan.
It is reported that Kim Yi Science & Technology Park will conduct the second phase project of deep processing of tin and the production of nano-materials projects, the entire park plans to invest 500 million yuan.
Scientists invented the fuel cell enzyme
Oxford University scientists have invented a device to provide an impetus to the electronics of the fuel cell enzyme, which is the battery consumption of atmospheric oxygen and hydrogen. The enzyme used is from the natural world for the use of hydrogen metabolism in the isolated bacteria. The characteristics of this enzyme is a highly selective, able to put up with the traditional fuel cell catalysts has a poisoning effect of the gases, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. The researchers said: As a result of this enzyme to the growth, so compared to other hydrogen fuel cells by use of expensive platinum catalyst is a cheap, renewable battery.
By Professor Fraser Armstrong led the design of the research group including the fuel cell has two electrodes coated with the enzyme. They are filled with normal air, and add a small amount of hydrogen in the glass tank. As the catalyst selectivity and tolerability, so the gas can be mixed without the need for expensive fuel separation membrane.
Armstrong said: The study resulted in greater fuel-cell applications of space, as has been the cost of fuel cell applications are the main issues, but can not guarantee that the source of cleaner fuel and the need for real-time power.
Solar cell production capacity in China in 2007 accounted for 16.7 percent of global
According to China's Taiwan, "Industrial Technology Research Institute" under the Optical Technology Center (PVTC) is expected to the end of 2007, the global solar cell production capacity is expected to reach 48,000 kilowatts (GW), of which the mainland will reach 16.7 percent global market dell latitude d830 battery,dell latitude x300 battery share, more than Taiwan, about 10%. PVTC Taiwan in 2006 is expected to remain slightly ahead of the mainland.
PVTC expects Suntech China, Nanjing PV (Nanjing PV) solar cell manufacturing plant the two together will reach about 12.5%, if the other new entrants into the mainland is expected to reach a global market share of 16.7%, far exceeding Taiwan manufacturers.
It is worth mentioning is that Suntech an annual production capacity of 2006 is expected to more than 300 megawatts (MW), expected from the world's eighth in 2005 jumped to fourth place, behind Japan's Sharp (Sharp), Germany's Q - Cells and Japan's Kyocera (Kyocera). PVTC pointed out that the positive into polysilicon production and a huge domestic market demand for solar cell production capacity in China a major factor in the rapid growth.
China's renewable energy policy incentives, the expansion of growth in demand for solar industry
In new renewable energy policy incentives, China's domestic supply chain in all areas toward the expansion of solar power in the direction - of polysilicon feedstock, wafer, cell and module. Investment bank Piper Jaffray analyst Jesse Pichel said in a report, China last month promulgated a renewable energy project involves 3.5 billion U.S. dollars of investment, designed in 2010 in the domestic solar power generation capacity to 500 megawatts. China also plans to solar power by 2020 will amount to 3,000 megawatts in 2050 to 6,000 megawatts.
"In China, promulgated in February of renewable energy plan under the impetus of China's solar energy needs are expected to be substantial growth over the next few years." He said, "apart from less than 200 dollars a month in labor costs, China's solar energy company may also be lower because the cost of management, research and development costs and external costs to benefit. "
According to the analyst, by 2008, China's total module production capacity from 450 megawatts (MW) increased to 1,200 MW, the domestic solar cell production capacity increased from the current 200MW to 1,200 MW. 2005 China wafer capacity of 100MW, is expected to grow in 2008 to around 800MW, mainly from the signing of polysilicon supply, as well as contracts for the supply of a large number of polyethylene.
He said that China's solar manufacturing equipment industry will also expand. At present, the three Chinese polysilicon manufacturers monopolized the domestic dell latitude d800 battery,dell latitude d810 battery,dell latitude d820 battery market, but it is still a shortage of supply of material.
"By 2007, Sichuan Xinguang silicon industry is still at an early stage of production and construction, planned in 2008 to 1,250 tons of annual production," Pichel said, "LSCS current annual capacity of 300 tons, production capacity in 2007 reached 1,000 tons. Another year the current ESM about 100 tons of production capacity. "polysilicon high price to 200 U.S. dollars per kg, most solar manufacturers can accept the OEM price is about 170 U.S. dollars per kilogram.
According to authoritative statistics, Chinese people can be a one-time energy production per capita
EU and new tricks to play against the new battery directive
From Ningbo Inspection and Quarantine Bureau was informed that recently, the European Union put forward a new draft 98th directive batteries, the batteries directive in principle, be amended to reduce the hazardous and non-hazardous waste, the number of cells, and increased recycling of these products contain materials. It is reported that once the Bill comes into force of the directive will ban all alcohol concentration of more than 0.0005% of mercury in dell latitude d510 battery,dell latitude d520 battery,dell latitude d600 battery and battery (mercury content of no more than 2% except for the button cell) and by weight contains more than 0.002% of cadmium batteries and the battery light to enter the European Union market. In addition, the new directive will also require to ensure that all batteries and battery recycling need to add the correct sign, the requirements indicated in the product, respectively, the chemical symbol of the metal.
The world per capita production of batteries in China more than four
At present, China is the largest production and export of battery. The world per capita use in China more than four batteries, my bike in both production and export share of world production and exports over 60%, there were a large number of light industrial products output ranked first in the world ... ... "15," the period of the rapid development of light industry, its products not only meet the needs of the domestic market, but also contribute to the advantages of cheap in the world market.
21 journalists from the China Light Industry Federation, held the second Congress was informed that at present China's watches, bicycles, sewing machines, batteries, beer, furniture, plastic processing machinery, daily-use ceramics, sea salt, electric light source and lighting products and home appliances, etc. air-conditioning industry, microwave ovens, leather footwear industry, the sports goods industry, books, musical instruments industry, piano, violin, guitar, metal products industry, metal and plastic tools for the plastic products industry, film production, and many other products in the world first. Paper and paperboard, plastics production ranks second in the world.
Statistics show that China's light industrial products in 2005 reached 194.13 billion U.S. dollars, up 23.53 percent, which is equivalent to "Ninth Five-Year Plan," the end of light industrial products-dell latitude d610 battery,dell latitude d620 battery of 2.74 times the volume of foreign trade, light industry exports China's foreign trade accounting for more than a quarter of total exports. Furniture, household appliances, ceramics for daily use, culture and education, sporting goods, bicycles, watches, sewing machines, leather, electric lighting and lamps, pens, musical instruments, toys, glasses, and other industries down the world's exports to the forefront of exports. Ceramics for daily use of which exports of world exports accounted for 65% of the total, exports of bicycle industry trade of the world's total trade volume accounts for 70%, household appliances industry products exported to the world at present more than 200 countries and regions.
According to Chen in the light can be introduced in conjunction president in 2005, than the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" more than doubled in the late production of dozens of kinds of light industrial products. Including refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, microwave ovens, electric water heater, electric baking utensils, rice cookers, dishwashers, mechanism of paper and paperboard, newsprint, paper products, furniture, gas water heater, dairy products, canned food, beverages , frozen drinks, fur clothing, the books, ink, photographic film, fragrance, plastic products-dell latitude d510 battery,dell latitude d520 battery, hand tools, household stainless steel products, candy, cakes, biscuits, instant noodles and umbrella.
China's light industry technologies and equipment and product quality are greatly improved: the backbone of large-scale dairy enterprise technology and equipment to reach the international advanced level; washing the basic technical level of industry reach or approach international advanced level; paper, leather, plastics processing, lighting, batteries, etc. industry technology and equipment to reach the world advanced level. By the end of 2005, China's light industry in China's famous brand products 40% of brand-name products, many world-class product quality level.
New energy into the energy development will focus on
Sustainable Development Strategy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, honorary head of the group not long ago, said Niu Wenyuan, the world's energy development is accelerated from the "carbon-based energy" to "hydrogen-based energy" forward, "China's energy strategy is not only a big topic, but also the world's largest energy strategy proposition. "
In the newly published by the People's Publishing House "Who can drive in China - the world's energy crisis and China's strategy of" one book, said Niu Wenyuan, a breakthrough from the first "Light-harvesting protein" genes of biological photosynthetic energy efficient chip-to-large-capacity hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen-based energy from the acquisition and transmission to the "Space Spider" energy network weaving, from -3 isotope helium surface on the acquisition and preparation of energy into controlled thermonuclear fusion, such as consumption, these new energy will gradually energy development path, "the central stage."
"Energy has become China's future development, one of the major bottlenecks." Niu Wenyuan said that China's energy strategy, on the one hand to firmly grasp the universal energy-saving, industry-wide energy saving, energy-saving society as a whole, "a key element," not to relax On the other hand, did not slacken our efforts for the deepening of opening up new energy. "As an energy consuming country dell latitude d600 battery,dell latitude d610 battery,dell latitude d620 battery, China should be at the same time the consumption of traditional energy sources, energy development as soon as possible the next generation to take active steps to plan."
According to authoritative statistics, Chinese people can be a one-time energy production per capita, compared with the world, with lower values. At the same time, the intensification of China's energy level is still relatively low, a waste of a very serious situation. These data show that, on the one hand, China's rapid industrialization and urbanization development, requires a large amount of energy to support, on the other hand, China's energy-saving potential is very great.